矯飾主義繪畫奇葩: 帕米賈尼諾

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矯飾主義繪畫奇葩: 帕米賈尼諾

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內容簡介十六世紀義大利矯飾主義帕米賈尼諾(Parmigianino)生涯與代表作品介紹

探索其承文藝復興大師之先,而以矯飾化作風開創新局的獨特美學

歐洲文藝復興美術發展到16世紀初葉,出現了盛極而衰的徵兆,正在此時,於一群年輕藝術家中興起「矯飾主義」的流派。此派藝術家探索掌握自己心目中崇拜的大師繪畫風格,所以也被稱為「風格主義」。由於在技法上注重對文藝復興大師的模仿,從而顯得矯揉並過分富於裝飾性的處理。這個流派是在1520年代最早出現在羅馬和翡冷翠,到16世紀後半葉蔓延整個義大利而影響到歐洲其他地區的藝術發展。

帕米賈尼諾(Parmigianino, 1503-1540)是北義大利矯飾派(Emilian Mannerist School)的先鋒藝術家,拉斐爾的風格對他影響深刻,另一位托斯卡尼的矯飾主義畫家貝卡傅彌(Beccafumi)也帶給他某些程度上的啟發,當時流通於義大利的德國木刻版畫也是他汲取靈感的範本。

帕米賈尼諾1504年出生於義大利帕馬,十四歲時從事版畫和繪畫工作。1525至27年間,他在羅馬研究拉斐爾和米開朗基羅的作品,與翡冷翠畫家羅索(Rosso Fiorentino)有所往來。現藏於烏菲茲美術館的〈聖母與聖人〉顯示出他如何受上述人物的影響:充斥著古羅馬遺跡的背景,看起來不再令人感到親切熟悉,而是像巫術般地散發出詭譎的氛圍;具雕塑感的人物,其律動不再是甜美優雅,而是像蛇形般拉長扭曲。畫面有股不安的氛圍,在日落陽光的折射下略顯憂鬱。1540年帕米賈尼諾病逝,年僅三十七歲。在壁畫之外,他遺留的代表作有〈長頸聖母〉、〈削弓的丘比特〉、〈年輕女子肖像〉、〈聖母與先知匝加利亞〉等。

帕米賈尼諾直到死前都未完成〈長頸聖母〉,這件作品以及〈年輕女子肖像〉等都是矯飾主義的重要代表作,也是帕米賈尼諾繪畫事業集大成之作,為了追求極致的美,各種華貴的裝飾與造形都成為畫家實驗的材料。繪畫成為一種誇飾與精密計算下的知識產物,背離早期宗教性的、較為即興的繪畫之路,發展出一種獨特的典雅美。從這些繪畫中,可以看到拉斐爾的後繼者,如何在大師們造就的境界中,再發揮自己的個性,力圖走出一條矯飾主義的道路。

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